Bangladesh has suffered the largest population-level poisoning in history. Millions of its citizens were exposed to naturally-occurring arsenic from tube-wells. Ironically, the wells had been installed to provide cleaner water than surface sources in order to reduce gastrointestinal diseases that were having a large negative impact on health. Studies in other countries found that 10% of people who consumed water with 500 micrograms of arsenic per liter (mcg/l) might ultimately die from cancers caused by arsenic. The Bangladesh dataset is introduced on p. 114 of the textbook. You may load it from the dataset URL linked above or from the resampledata package. It contains contaminant data for a sample of 271 tube wells in Bangladesh. Cobalt is another heavy metal that is naturally-occurring in groundwater. All measurements are recorded in units of micrograms per liter (mcg/l or μg/l), also known as parts per billion (ppb).
library(tidyverse)
DATA <- read_csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/STAT-JET-ASU/Datasets/master/Chihara/Bangladesh.csv")
glimpse(DATA)Rows: 271
Columns: 3
$ Arsenic <dbl> 2400, 6, 904, 321, 1280, 151, 141, 1050, 511, 688, 81, 8, 37,…
$ Chlorine <dbl> 6.2, 116.0, 14.8, 35.9, 18.9, 7.8, 56.3, 16.0, 40.4, 29.3, 31…
$ Cobalt <dbl> 0.42, 0.45, 0.63, 0.68, 0.58, 0.35, 0.46, 0.59, 0.48, 0.87, 0…head(DATA)# A tibble: 6 × 3
Arsenic Chlorine Cobalt
<dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
1 2400 6.2 0.42
2 6 116 0.45
3 904 14.8 0.63
4 321 35.9 0.68
5 1280 18.9 0.58
6 151 7.8 0.35References:
Contamination of drinking-water by arsenic in Bangladesh: a public health emergency